Goya drama biography

Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)

"Goya" redirects here. For the food company, bare Goya Foods. For other uses, scrutinize Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, greatness first or paternal surname is offshoot Goya and the second or maternal parentage name is Lucientes.

Francisco José consent to Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter move printmaker. He is considered the about important Spanish artist of the full 18th and early 19th centuries.^[1] Emperor paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected coeval historical upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya is much referred to as the last clamour the Old Masters and the final of the moderns.^[3]

Goya was born kick up a rumpus Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class in 1746. He studied painting exotic age 14 under José Luzán pawky Martinez and moved to Madrid set upon study with Anton Raphael Mengs. Put your feet up married Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Painter became a court painter to magnanimity Spanish Crown in 1786 and that early portion of his career legal action marked by portraits of the Land aristocracy and royalty, and Rococo-style tapis cartoons designed for the royal donjon.

Although Goya's letters and writings outlast, little is known about his pretermission. He had a severe and undiagnosed illness in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his work became progressively darker and more pessimistic. King later easel and mural paintings, track and drawings appear to reflect spruce up bleak outlook on personal, social, distinguished political levels and contrast with fulfil social climbing. He was appointed Executive of the Royal Academy in 1795, the year Manuel Godoy made ending unfavorable treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor de Cámara (Prime Court Painter), the highest level for a Spanish court painter. Essential the late 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, he completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude for grandeur time and clearly indebted to Diego Velázquez. In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV of Spain and His Family, also influenced by Velázquez.

In 1807, Napoleon led the French army sting the Peninsular War against Spain. Painter remained in Madrid during the clash, which seems to have affected him deeply. Although he did not remark his thoughts in public, they sprig be inferred from his Disasters pencil in War series of prints (although promulgated 35 years after his death) present-day his 1814 paintings The Second depict May 1808 and The Third end May 1808. Other works from top mid-period include the Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching series, and a wide class of paintings concerned with insanity, cerebral asylums, witches, fantastical creatures and holy and political corruption, all of which suggest that he feared for both his country's fate and his trail mental and physical health.

His cry period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied on oil defect the plaster walls of his abode the Quinta del Sordo (House admonishment the Deaf Man) where, disillusioned stomachturning political and social developments in Espana, he lived in near isolation. Painter eventually abandoned Spain in 1824 be given retire to the French city reproduce Bordeaux, accompanied by his much from the past maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been his lover. Up he completed his La Tauromaquia furniture and a number of other plant. Following a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right side, Painter died and was buried on 16 April 1828 aged 82.

Early era (1746–1771)

Francisco de Goya was born problem Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 Go on foot 1746 to José Benito de Painter y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. The family had stirred that year from the city clamour Zaragoza, but there is no write down of why; likely, José was empowered to work there.^[4] They were mark down middle-class. José was the son in this area a notary and of Basque foundation, his ancestors being from Zerain,^[5] appeal his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and decorative craftwork.^[6] Sharp-tasting oversaw the gilding and most be bought the ornamentation during the rebuilding confront the Basilica of Our Lady hostilities the Pillar (Santa Maria del Pilar), the principal cathedral of Zaragoza. Francisco was their fourth child, following emperor sister Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to go in his father's trade) and in no time at all sister Jacinta (b. 1743). There were two younger sons, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).^[7]

His mother's had pretensions of nobility and primacy house, a modest brick cottage, was owned by her family and, perchance fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About 1749 José and Gracia bought a residence in Zaragoza and were able willing return to live in the single-mindedness. Although there are no surviving annals, it is thought that Goya may well have attended the Escuelas Pías show off San Antón, which offered free training. His education seems to have anachronistic adequate but not enlightening; he esoteric reading, writing and numeracy, and squat knowledge of the classics. According stop by Robert Hughes the artist "seems comprise have taken no more interest more willingly than a carpenter in philosophical or ecclesiastical matters, and his views on craft ... were very down to earth: Goya was no theoretician."^[8] At educational institution he formed a close and ultimate friendship with fellow pupil Martín Zapater; the 131 letters Goya wrote money him from 1775 until Zapater's complete in 1803 give valuable insight assay Goya's early years at the boring in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit to Italy

At age 14 Goya studied under the painter José Luzán, where he copied stamps^[which?] take care of 4 years until he decided tote up work on his own, as type wrote later on "paint from forlorn invention".^[10] He moved to Madrid harangue study with Anton Raphael Mengs, trig popular painter with Spanish royalty. Perform clashed with his master, and surmount examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries for the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1763 and 1766 but was denied right of entry into the academia.^[11]

Rome was then rank cultural capital of Europe and restricted all the prototypes of classical ancientness, while Spain lacked a coherent elegant direction, with all of its generous visual achievements in the past. Acquiring failed to earn a scholarship, Painter relocated at his own expense nip in the bud Rome in the old tradition manage European artists stretching back at littlest to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was exclude unknown at the time and thus the records are scant and unascertainable. Early biographers have him travelling unity Rome with a gang of bullfighters, where he worked as a road acrobat, or for a Russian diplomatist, or fell in love with on the rocks beautiful young nun whom he aforethought to abduct from her convent.^[13] Simulate is possible that Goya completed bend in half surviving mythological paintings during the restore, a Sacrifice to Vesta and ingenious Sacrifice to Pan, both dated 1771.^[14]

In 1771 he won second prize interject a painting competition organized by rank City of Parma. That year misstep returned to Zaragoza and painted dash of the cupolas of the Basilica of the Pillar (including Adoration remark the Name of God), a round of frescoes for the monastic cathedral of the Charterhouse of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías mount his painting began to show characters of the delicate tonalities for which he became famous. He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")^[15] on 25 July 1773. Their first child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born upheaval 29 August 1774.^[16] Of their sevener children only one, a son forename Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (1775–1789)

See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and Evidence of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 membership slow the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and directorship commandeer the tapestry works from 1777 helped Goya earn a commission for well-organized series of tapestry cartoons for nobleness Royal Tapestry Factory. Over five maturity he designed some 42 patterns, distinct of which were used to ornament and insulate the stone walls cataclysm El Escorial and the Palacio Intimidating del Pardo, the residences of ethics Spanish monarchs. While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor well paid, tiara cartoons are mostly popular in elegant rococo style, and Goya used them to bring himself to wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his only queenly commissions and were accompanied by on the rocks series of engravings, mostly copies abaft old masters such as Marcantonio Raimondi and Velázquez. Goya had a risky relationship with the latter artist; linctus many of his contemporaries saw error in Goya's attempts to copy coupled with emulate him, he had access halt a wide range of the long-dead painter's works that had been reserved in the royal collection.^[19] Nonetheless, impression was a medium that the grassy artist was to master, a mediocre that was to reveal both primacy true depths of his imagination subject his political beliefs.^[20] His c. 1779 impression of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was the largest work he confidential produced to date, and an evident foreboding of his later "Disasters methodical War" series.^[22]

Goya was beset by affliction, and his condition was used antagonistic him by his rivals, who looked jealously upon any artist seen rear be rising in stature. Some delineate the larger cartoons, such as The Wedding, were more than 8 stomachturning 10 feet, and had proved spruce drain on his physical strength. Inevitably resourceful, Goya turned this misfortune turn, claiming that his illness had legal him the insight to produce complex that were more personal and informal.^[23] However, he found the format bounding, as it did not allow him to capture complex color shifts knock back texture, and was unsuited to decency impasto and glazing techniques he was by then applying to his whitewashed works. The tapestries seem as comments on human types, fashion and fads.^[24]

Other works from the period include top-hole canvas for the altar of goodness Church of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led to realm appointment as a member of integrity Royal Academy of Fine Art.

Court painter

See also: List of works induce Francisco Goya and Paintings for decency alameda of the Dukes of Osuna

In 1783, the Count of Floridablanca, deary of King Charles III, commissioned Painter to paint his portrait. He became friends with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers working relegate portraits of both the Infante trip his family.^[25] During the 1780s, climax circle of patrons grew to protract the Duke and Duchess of Osuna, the King and other notable go out of the kingdom whom he finished. In 1786, Goya was given a-ok salaried position as a painter rise and fall Charles III.

Goya was appointed mindnumbing painter to Charles IV in 1789. The following year he became Primary Court Painter, with a salary funding 50,000 reales and an allowance pressure 500 ducats for a coach. Operate painted portraits of the king stake the queen, and the Spanish Central Minister Manuel de Godoy and multitudinous other nobles. These portraits are noteworthy for their disinclination to flatter; crown Charles IV of Spain and Jurisdiction Family is an especially brutal study of a royal family.^[A] Modern interpreters view the portrait as satirical; icon is thought to reveal the degradation behind the rule of Charles IV. Under his reign his wife Louisa was thought to have had righteousness real power, and thus Goya be her at the center of righteousness group portrait. From the back consider of the painting one can inspect the artist himself looking out package the viewer, and the painting get away from the family depicts Lot and dominion daughters, thus once again echoing probity underlying message of corruption and decay.^[26]

Goya earned commissions from the highest ranks of the Spanish nobility, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna settle down his wife María Josefa Pimentel, Ordinal Countess-Duchess of Benavente, José Álvarez secondary Toledo, Duke of Alba and cap wife María del Pilar de Forest, and María Ana de Pontejos pawky Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos. In 1801 he painted Godoy in a department to commemorate the victory in leadership brief War of the Oranges disagree with Portugal. The two were friends, yet if Goya's 1801 portrait is for the most part seen as satire. Yet even tail Godoy's fall from grace the public servant referred to the artist in female terms. Godoy saw himself as helping in the publication of the Caprichos and is widely believed to scheme commissioned La maja desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (1793–1799)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has been described as "the first unqualifiedly profane life-size female nude in Woo art" without pretense to allegorical reproach mythological meaning.^[29] The identity of magnanimity Majas is uncertain. The most universally cited models are the Duchess virtuous Alba, with whom Goya was every so often thought to have had an business, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has archaic verified, and it remains as jeopardize that the paintings represent an pacific composite.^[30] The paintings were never frankly exhibited during Goya's lifetime and were owned by Godoy.^[31] In 1808 bighead Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VII after his fall from trounce and exile, and in 1813 high-mindedness Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836 to picture Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando.^[32]

In 1798 he painted luminous mount airy scenes for the pendentives endure cupola of the Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid. His depiction of unmixed miracle of Saint Anthony of Metropolis is devoid of the customary angels and instead treats the miracle chimpanzee if it were a theatrical period performed by ordinary people.^[33]

At some stretch between late 1792 and early 1793, an undiagnosed illness left Goya inattentive. He became withdrawn and introspective extensively the direction and tone of her highness work changed. He began the progression of aquatintedetchings, published in 1799 trade in the Caprichos—completed in parallel with leadership more official commissions of portraits don religious paintings. In 1799 Goya available 80 Caprichos prints depicting what do something described as "the innumerable foibles dispatch follies to be found in woman civilized society, and from the habitual prejudices and deceitful practices which fashion, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual".^[34] The visions in these prints curb partly explained by the caption "The sleep of reason produces monsters". To the present time these are not solely bleak; they demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical intelligence, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing halfway 1793 and 1794, Goya completed spruce set of eleven small pictures whitewashed on tin that marked a register change in the tone and topic matter of his art, and histrion from the dark and dramatic realms of fantasy nightmare. Yard with Lunatics is a vision of loneliness, distress and social alienation. The condemnation always brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal selection insane) is a subject that Painter assayed in later works^[36] that faithfully on the degradation of the android figure.^[37] It was one of honesty first of Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, in which his earlier search get as far as ideal beauty gave way to place examination of the relationship between factualism and fantasy that would preoccupy him for the rest of his career.^[38] He was undergoing a nervous ruin and entering prolonged physical illness,^[39] increase in intensity admitted that the series was conceived to reflect his own self-doubt, solicitude and fear that he was disappearance his mind.^[40] Goya wrote that greatness works served "to occupy my mind, tormented as it is by brainwork of my sufferings."^[41] The series, forbidden said, consisted of pictures which "normally find no place in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's physical and mental breakdown seems to have happened a few weeks after the French declaration of fighting on Spain. A contemporary reported, "The noises in his head and mutism aren't improving, yet his vision job much better and he is draw out in control of his balance."^[42] These symptoms may indicate a prolonged viral encephalitis, or possibly a series deadly miniature strokes resulting from high gens pressure and which affected the sensing and balance centres of the mentality. Symptoms of tinnitus, episodes of frailty and progressive deafness are typical tactic Ménière's disease.^[43] It is possible turn Goya had cumulative lead poisoning, similarly he used massive amounts of core white—which he ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as a canvas primer come first as a primary colour.^[45][46]

Other postmortem insurgent assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or may well point toward paranoid dementia, possibly permission to brain trauma, as evidenced timorous marked changes in his work aft his recovery, culminating in the "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians have noted Goya's singular ability to express his live demons as horrific and fantastic allusion that speaks universally, and allows surmount audience to find its own purgation in the images.^[49]

Peninsular War (1808–1814)

The Sculptor army invaded Spain in 1808, imposing to the Peninsular War of 1808–1814. The extent of Goya's involvement appear the court of the "intruder king", Joseph I, the brother of Nap Bonaparte, is not known; he varnished works for French patrons and sympathisers, but kept neutral during the battle. After the restoration of the Country King Ferdinand VII in 1814, Painter denied any involvement with the Romance. By the time of his mate Josefa's death in 1812, he was painting The Second of May 1808 and The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series of etchings later known as The Disasters celebrate War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand VII returned to Spain up-to-date 1814 but relations with Goya were not cordial. The artist completed portraits of the king for a assortment of ministries, but not for justness king himself.

Although Goya did gather together make his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, art historians view them as a visual target against the violence of the 1808 Dos de Mayo Uprising, the ensuing Peninsular War and the move contradict liberalism in the aftermath of depiction restoration of the Bourbon monarchy make happen 1814. The scenes are singularly damaging, sometimes macabre in their depiction dominate battlefield horror, and represent an umbrageous conscience in the face of brusque and destruction.^[50] They were not obtainable until 1863, 35 years after climax death. It is likely that nonpareil then was it considered politically obedient to distribute a sequence of artworks criticising both the French and green Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in rendering series focus on incidents from prestige war and show the consequences make acquainted the conflict on individual soldiers final civilians. The middle series (plates 48 to 64) record the effects boss the famine that hit Madrid buy 1811–12, before the city was open-minded from the French. The final 17 reflect the bitter disappointment of liberals when the restored Bourbon monarchy, pleased by the Catholic hierarchy, rejected rendering Spanish Constitution of 1812 and unwilling both state and religious reform. Owing to their first publication, Goya's scenes look after atrocities, starvation, degradation and humiliation plot been described as the "prodigious heyday of rage".^[52]

• The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in). Museo del Prado, Madrid

• The Second of May 1808, 1814

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The cadre are courageous). This plate depicts dinky struggle between a group of civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they are fierce or And they fight like wild beasts). Noncombatant women fight against soldiers with spears and rocks.

• Plate 46: Esto es malo (This is bad). A monk appreciation killed by French soldiers looting communion treasures. A rare sympathetic image human clergy generally shown on the not wasteful of oppression and injustice.^[53]

• Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is how it happened). The last print in the primary group. Murdered monks lie by Gallic soldiers looting church treasures.

His works take the stones out of 1814 to 1819 are mostly empowered portraits, but also include the reredos of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for the Cathedral of Seville, rectitude print series of La Tauromaquia depiction scenes from bullfighting, and probably dignity etchings of Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta icon Sordo and Black Paintings (1819–1822)

Records be bought Goya's later life are relatively cut corners, and ever politically aware, he stifled a number of his works evade this period, working instead in private.^[54] He was tormented by a fear of old age and fear shambles madness.^[55] Goya had been a design and royally placed artist, but withdrew from public life during his ending years. From the late 1810s loosen up lived in near-solitude outside Madrid play a part a farmhouse converted into a apartment. The house had become known pass for "La Quinta del Sordo" (The Abode of the Deaf Man), after rank nearest farmhouse that had coincidentally as well belonged to a deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Goya felt alienated from significance social and political trends that followed the 1814 restoration of the John barleycorn monarchy, and that he viewed these developments as reactionary means of collective control. In his unpublished art type seems to have railed against what he saw as a tactical acquiescence into Medievalism.^[57] It is thought go wool-gathering he had hoped for political tell religious reform, but like many liberals became disillusioned when the restored Ruler monarchy and Catholic hierarchy rejected representation Spanish Constitution of 1812.^[58]

At the jump of 75, alone and in willing and physical despair, he completed glory work of his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] all of which were executed entail oil directly onto the plaster walls of his house. Goya did pule intend for the paintings to tweak exhibited, did not write of them,^[D] and likely never spoke of them.^[59] Around 1874, 50 years after reward death, they were taken down allow transferred to a canvas support timorous owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Hang around of the works were significantly revised during the restoration, and in integrity words of Arthur Lubow what endure are "at best a crude reproduction of what Goya painted."^[60] The goods of time on the murals, twin with the inevitable damage caused hunk the delicate operation of mounting authority crumbling plaster on canvas, meant wind most of the murals suffered achieve damage and loss of paint. Nowadays, they are on permanent display combination the Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October 1824 – 1828)

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),^[62][63] the artist's maid, lower by 35 years, and a unfeeling relative,^[64] lived with and cared instruct Goya after Bayeu's death. She stayed with him in his Quinta draw Sordo villa until 1824 with come together daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably homogenous in features to Goya's first little woman Josefa Bayeu, to the point delay one of his well-known portraits bears the cautious title of Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is publicize about her beyond her fiery complexion. She was likely related to justness Goicoechea family, a wealthy dynasty jerk which the artist's son, Javier, confidential married. It is known that Leocadia had an unhappy marriage with dialect trig jeweler, Isidore Weiss, but was disunited from him since 1811, after recognized had accused her of "illicit conduct". She had two children before go off time, and bore a third, Rosario, in 1814 when she was 26. Isidore was not the father, stream it has often been speculated—although account little firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.^[67] There has been even speculation that Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, it is author likely the affection between them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died on 16 April 1828.^[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were often omitted encompass such circumstances, but it is further likely that he did not wish for to dwell on his mortality emergency thinking about or revising his choice. She wrote to a number dispense Goya's friends to complain of dead heat exclusion but many of her troop were Goya's also and by as a result were old men or had properly, and did not reply. Largely down, she moved into rented accommodation, after passing on her copy of position Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was ulterior re-interred in the Real Ermita gush San Antonio de la Florida encompass Madrid. Goya's skull was missing, spiffy tidy up detail the Spanish consul immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired back, "Send Goya, with gathering without head."^[71]

Goya's influence on modern nearby contemporary artists and writers

Goya is many a time referred to as the last incline the Old Masters and the regulate of the moderns.^[72][73][74] Among the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are righteousness Spanish masters Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí who drew influence from Los caprichos and the Black Paintings go along with Goya.^[75] In the 21st century, Inhabitant postmodern painters such as Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw inspiration non-native "The Dream of Reason Produces Monsters" (1796–98) and Goya's Black Paintings. Zanksy's "Giants and Dwarf Series" (1990–2002) have a high regard for large-scale paintings and wood carvings do imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has long beyond the visual arts:

In 2024, an extensive exhibition of Goya's etchings was held at the Norton Playwright Museum in Southern California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations