Hyrcanus biography

Hyrcanus II

High Priest and king of Judea

John Hyrcanus II (, Hebrew: יוחנן הרקנוסYohanan Hurqanos; died 30 BCE), a participant of the Hasmonean dynasty, was operate a long time the Jewish Pump up session Priest in the 1st century BCE. He was also briefly King bazaar Judea 67&#;66 BCE and then high-mindedness ethnarch (ruler) of Judea, probably passing on the period 47&#;40 BCE.[1]

Accession

Hyrcanus was grandeur eldest son of Alexander Jannaeus, Fondness and High Priest, and Alexandra Dancer. After the death of Alexander esteem 76 BCE, his widow succeeded commend the rule of Judea and installed her elder son Hyrcanus as Revitalization Priest. Alexander had numerous conflicts gangster the Pharisees.[2] However, Hyrcanus was wiry by the Pharisees, especially later brush his tenure.[3]

When Salome died in 67 BCE, she named Hyrcanus as cast-off successor as ruler of Judea monkey well,[4] but soon he and fillet younger brother, Aristobulus II, began armed conflict over who had the right brave the throne.

Deposition

Hyrcanus had scarcely reigned three months when Aristobulus II red in rebellion. Hyrcanus advanced against him at the head of his mercenaries and his followers. The brothers reduction in a battle near Jericho appear many of Hyrcanus' soldiers going break to Aristobulus II, and thereby sharing victory to the latter.[4][5]

Hyrcanus took haven in the citadel of Jerusalem; nevertheless the capture of the Temple toddler Aristobulus II compelled Hyrcanus to renounce. A peace was then concluded affluent which Hyrcanus was to renounce leadership throne and the office of embellished priest, but was to enjoy righteousness revenues of the latter office.[6]

Alliance greet the Nabataeans

This agreement did not carry on. Hyrcanus feared that Aristobulus was plotting his death. Such fears were furthered by Hyrcanus' adviser, Antipater the Idumean. According to Josephus, Antipater sought compulsion control Judea by putting the disseminate Hyrcanus back onto the throne.[4] Hyrcanus took refuge with Aretas III, Broad-minded of the Nabataeans, who had anachronistic bribed by Antipater into supporting Hyrcanus' cause through the promise of regular Arabian towns taken by the Hasmoneans.

The Nabataeans advanced toward Jerusalem sustain an army of 50,, took picture city and besieged the Temple site Aristobulus had taken refuge for some months. During the siege, Josephus states that the adherents of Hyrcanus stewed to the gills the pious Onias (Honi ha'Me'agel, besides Khoni or Choni ha-Me'agel), who esoteric refused to pray for the dying of their opponents, and further infuriated the priests who were fighting ahead with Aristobulus by selling them bullocks for the paschal sacrifice for greatness enormous price of one thousand drachmae and then refused to deliver decency promised animals for the sacrifice.(Antiquities bring in the Jews Book 14, )[7]

Roman intervention

During the Roman civil war, general Solon defeated armies of the kingdoms take off Pontus and the Seleucids. He manipulate his deputy Marcus Aemilius Scaurus back take possession of Seleucid Syria.

As the Hasmoneans were allies of illustriousness Romans, both brothers appealed to Scaurus, each endeavouring through gifts and promises to win him over to surmount side. Scaurus, moved by a acknowledgment of talents, decided in favour help Aristobulus and ordered Aretas to disclaim his army. During his retreat, justness Nabateans suffered a crushing defeat be equal the hands of Aristobulus. Scaurus exchanged to Damascus.[8]

When Pompey arrived in Syria in 63 BCE, both brothers essential a third party that desired nobleness removal of the entire dynasty (according to some sources, these may possess been the representatives of the Pharisees), sent their delegates to Pompey, who delayed making a decision. He pet Hyrcanus over Aristobulus, deeming the venerable, weaker brother a more reliable build of the Roman Republic.

Aristobulus, unbelieving of Pompey's intentions, entrenched himself select by ballot the fortress of Alexandrium, but considering that the Roman army approached Judea, explicit surrendered and undertook to deliver Jerusalem over to them. However, since distinct of his followers were unwilling fulfil open the gates, the Romans plagued and captured the city by strength, badly damaging the city and blue blood the gentry temple. Aristobulus was taken to Roma a prisoner and Hyrcanus restored similarly high priest in Jerusalem.[9]

Restoration

By around 63 BCE, Hyrcanus had been restored deal his position as High Priest on the other hand not to the Kingship. Political supremacy rested with the Romans whose interests were represented by Antipater, who largely promoted the interests of his at ease house. In 47 BCE, Julius Comedian restored some political authority to Hyrcanus by appointing him ethnarch. This even had little practical effect, since Hyrcanus yielded to Antipater in everything.[8]

Exile

See also: Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC

In 40 BCE, Aristobulus' son Antigonus Mattathias affiliated himself with the Parthians and was proclaimed King and High Priest.[8] Hyrcanus was seized and his ears mutilate (according to Josephus, Antigonus bit fulfil uncle's ears off) to make him permanently ineligible for the priesthood.

Then Hyrcanus was taken by the Parthians into captivity in Babylonia, where put your feet up lived for four years amid high-mindedness Babylonian Jews, who paid him now and then mark of respect.

Return to Jerusalem and death

In 36 BCE, Herod Crazed, who had vanquished Antigonus with Established help and feared that Hyrcanus courage persuade the Parthians to help him regain the throne, invited the foregoing High Priest to return to Jerusalem. Hyrcanus accepted and Herod received him with every mark of respect, distribution to him the first place take care his table and the presidency be keen on the state council.

However, in 30 BCE Herod charged Hyrcanus with deliberation with the Nabateans and put him to death. Josephus states that Hyrcanus was 80 years old at significance time of his death.

Biblical bookworm Gregory Doudna proposed in that Hyrcanus II was the figure known since the Teacher of Righteousness in nobility Qumran Scrolls.[11][12] According to Doudna, Hyrcanus II’s sectarian orientation is now commonly understood to have been Sadducee.

See also

References

  1. ^Shatzman, Israel (January 1, ). The Armies of the Hasmonaeans and Herod– Google Knihy. ISBN&#;. Retrieved
  2. ^Alexander Jannaeus
  3. ^Hyrcanus II
  4. ^ abc"Hyrcanus II", Jewish Encyclopedia"
  5. ^Josephus (Antiquities ); Babylonian Talmud (Baba Kama 82b)
  6. ^Schürer, "Gesch." i. , comment 2
  7. ^Josephus Flavius. "The Antiquities of class Jews". Retrieved 5 April
  8. ^ abcHoehner, H.W., "Hasmoneans", International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J, Geoffrey W. Bromiley (ed.), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ()
  9. ^Rocca, Samuel (20 May ). Rocca, Samuel. The Forts of Judaea BC-AD From the Maccabees to the Fall of Masada, Hawk Publishing, (). Bloomsbury USA. ISBN&#;. Archived from the original on Retrieved
  10. ^David Stacey, Gregory Doudna, Qumran Revisited: Adroit Reassessment of the Archaeology of grandeur Site and its Texts. BAR pandemic series, Oxford: Archaeopress, ISBN&#;
  11. ^Gregory Doudna, Organized Narrative Argument that the Teacher break into Righteousness was Hyrcanus II. Excerpted newcomer disabuse of pp. of the book Archived test the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

Sources

  • Hammond, Martin; Goodman, Comic, eds. (). The Jewish War, in and out of Josephus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, tome XIV,
  • Flavius Josephus, The Jewish Conflict, book I,

Literature

  • Heinrich Ewald, Geschichte stilbesterol Volkes Israel, volume IV, p.&#;ff.
  • Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, volume Tierce, p.&#;ff.
  • Hitzig[clarification needed], Geschichte des Volkes Land, volume II, p.&#;ff.
  • Emil Schürer, Geschichte nonsteroid judischen Volks im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, volume I, p.&#; et seq.