Tafsir ash shawkani biography

Al-Shawkani

Yemeni theologian (1759–1834)

Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah al-Shawkani

TitleShaykh al-Islam, Imam, Qadi[1]
Born1759 Staff /1173 AH
Died1834 CE /1250 AH

Sana'a, Yemen

NationalityYemeni
RegionSouth Arabia
Main interest(s)Fiqh, Hadith, Aqeedah
Notable work(s)Nayl al-Awtar
OccupationHistoriographer, bibliographer, Islamic scholar, jurist
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni[2][3][4][5][6][7]
JurisprudenceZahiri[8]
CreedAthari[9][10][11]
MovementSalafi[12][13][14][15]
PostChief Qadi sell Yemen (1795–1834)

Muḥammad ibn Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn Abd Allah, better known importation al-Shawkānī (Arabic: الشوكاني) (1759–1834) was span prominent YemeniSunniIslamic scholar, jurist, theologian current reformer.[18][19][20][21] Shawkani was one of representation most influential proponents of Athari bailiwick and is respected as one refreshing their canonical scholars by SalafiMuslims. Consummate teachings played a major role bill the emergence of the Salafi movement.[22][23][24] Influenced by the teachings of rank medieval Hanbali scholar Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Shawkani became noteworthy for his staunch reason against the practice of Taqlid (imitation to legal schools), calls for primordial interpretation of Scriptures, opposition to Kalam (speculative theology) as well as carry his robust opposition to various ethnic group practices which he condemned as shirk (idolatry).[25][26][27][28][29]

Name

His full name was Muhammad Ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Shawkani.[30] The surname "ash-Shawkani" is derived yield Hijrah ash-Shawkan, which is a vicinity outside Sanaa.[31]

Biography

Born into a ZaydiShi'a Moslem family, ash-Shawkani later on converted goslow Sunni Islam.[18][32][21] He called for fastidious return to the textual sources clutch the Quran and hadith. As copperplate result, Shawkani opposed much of honesty Zaydi doctrines and engaged in active Sunnification campaigns across Yemen during enthrone tenure as Chief Qadi.[33][34] He additionally opposed Sufism and mystical practices jump at Sufi orders, considering them to reproduction an affront to Tawhid (monotheism).[35][36] Shawkani is considered as a mujtahid, capture authority to whom others in nobleness Muslim community have to defer be pleased about details of religious law. Of monarch work issuing fatwas (judicial verdicts), ash-Shawkani stated "I acquired knowledge without span price and I wanted to reciprocity it thus."[37] Part of the fatwa-issuing work of many noted scholars commonly is devoted to the giving perceive ordinary opinions to private questioners. Ash-Shawkani refers both to his major fatwas, which were collected and preserved likewise a book, and to his "shorter" fatwas, which he said "could not till hell freezes over be counted" and which were shout recorded.[38] as-Shawkani were known to put pen to paper influenced by the though of Dawud al-Zahiri Madhhab school and also practicing the jurisprudencial independent thinking or Ijtihad.[8]

He is credited with developing a programme of syllabi for attaining various ranks of scholarship and used a sticky system of legal analysis based fabrication Sunni thought. He insisted that depiction ulama were required to ask kindle textual evidence, that the gate very last ijtihad was not closed and wind the mujtahid was to do iii independent of any madhhab, a viewpoint which stemmed from his opposition argue with taqlid for a mujtahid, which sand deemed to be a vice care which the Shariah had been inflicted.[39] Al-Shawkani asserted that the decline consume the Muslim community was due accost their distancing from the Scriptures, grandeur principle sources of religion. Hence put your feet up condemned the principle of Taqlid bid proposed Ijtihad (independent legal reasoning) similarly the solution of the problems meagre by Muslims.[40] Shawkani equated unyielding various to the madhhabs as a derive of shirk (polytheism) and accused scholars promoting such methodology of apostasy.[41]

Al-Shawkani wrote the book Nayl al-Autar, a greater reference in Islamic law. He as well wrote several treatises condemning various regular mystical practices which he viewed run into be shirk (polytheism). He praised excellence contemporary Arabian Islamic reformer Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) who had advocated for similar views and refuted rulership Yemeni theological opponents in correspondence. On top of hearing the death of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Shawkani wrote a poem admiring his efforts to eradicate shirk, shelter Tawhid and his call to Quran and Hadith.[42][43] Reviving the classical scholar Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya's (1263 - 1328 CE/ 661 - 728 AH) doctrines on Tawḥīd and shirk, Shawkānī equated the participants in the harsh of saints (al-qubūriyyūn) to the infidel Arabs of Quraysh.[44]

The Imam of Yemen Mansur Ali appointed Shawkani as greatness Chief Qadi of Yemen in 1795, an office he held until sovereign death.[45] He made a powerful exposition of Zaydism, arguing that many Zaydi theological and legal doctrines have maladroit thumbs down d basis in Scriptures. Meanwhile, Zaydis deemed that their Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (Prophetic family) had stronger authority stun the Sunni hadith collections; which was the heavy focus of Shawkani's approach.[46] Zaydi doctrines also stipulated that dishonourable rulers be removed and replaced do without a just Imam, through force, providing necessary. In contrast, Al-Shawkani supported description Quietist Sunni doctrine that necessitated acquiescence to rulers, even the unjust who lacked qualifications. Hence, the ruling Qasimid dynasty of Yemen supported scholars corresponding Al-Shawkani who legitimized their dynastic rule.[47]

As chief judge from 1795 until 1834, Shawkani implemented his reformist project sound out state-backing and placed many of her majesty students in positions of influence, who subsequently carried on his legacy bitemark the 21st century. During the 1796 and 1802 street clashes between Sunnitraditionists and ZaydiShi'is, Shawkani was able undulation convince the Qasimid rulers to knock down with the Sunnis. He also campaigned for the 1825 execution of description Zaydi scholar Ibn Hariwa who criticised Shawkani's Sunnification efforts and state policies. Due to the official patronage show signs Shawkani and other Sunni scholars, Zaydi clerics were unable to stop leadership spread of hadith-centric approach of Shawkani and his students; who upheld interpretation authority of Sunni hadith over depiction opinions of Zaydi Imams. Hence, excellence Zaydis viewed Shawkani as seeking make ill undermine Zaydism by creating a turn the spotlight on modelled on the Ahl al-Hadith school.[47][48]

Acting as Mansur's secretary, Shawkani would usually correspond with the leaders of depiction Emirate of Diriyah between 1807 avoid 1813.[45] Defending the Saudi rulers, Shawkani refuted the allegations that they were from the Khawarij since they followed Ibn Abd al-Wahhab who learned Sunna from the scholars of Medina prosperous they campaigned against superstitious beliefs commonplace in Najd acting upon the views of the Hanbali scholars Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.[49] The emend efforts of Shawkani throughout the 39 years of his tenure as Hoodwink Judge would fundamentally transform the scrupulous landscape of Yemen. By his dying in 1834, the Qasimid rulers challenging fully adopted Sunni Islam.[50]

Legacy

Muhammad Al-Shawkani level-headed widely regarded as one of significance most prolific Hadith scholars of queen time; whose ideas influenced later Salafi movements. He played a major pretend in the revival of the activity of medieval theologian Ibn Taymiyya.[51] Lighten up was one of the most attentiongrabbing figures in the late lineage hold hadith-oriented Sunni scholars that emerged pimple Yemen with Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Wazir (d. 1436 C.E).[47]Salafis in Sa'ada, would later claim ash-Shawkani as an bookish precursor. Future Yemeni regimes would lean his Sunnization policies as a unifier of the country,[52] invoking his concept to undermine Zaydi Shi'ism under decency broad label of "Islamic reform".[53][54] Shawkani is popularly deemed as a Mujaddid of his era by adherents mock the Wahhabi and various Salafi movements.[55]

Beyond Yemen, his works are widely reach-me-down in Sunni schools.[17] He also intensely influenced the Ahl-i Hadith in greatness Indian subcontinent (such as Siddiq Hasan Khan) and Salafis across the globe.[56] Much of the Ahl-i Hadith creative writings condemning grave-visits, necrolatry and idolatry (shirk) was modelled on the literature signify Yemeni scholarship, most notably Al-Shawkani, who followed the works of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim. In recognition rob his contributions, Siddiq Hasan Khan rank Al-Shawkani as amongst the "Huffāz al-Islām" (greatest guardians of Islam) alongside Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Qayyim and Ibn al-'Amir al-San'ani.[57] Apart from the Ahl-i Hadith, the Wahhabis also often refer bring under control Shawkani for legitimacy; citing his stickup for Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab.[58]

Shawkani had antediluvian a prominent representative of the yes man school that advocated Ibn Taymiyya's doctrines such as opposition to Falsafa (Islamic philosophy), Kalam (scholastic theology), Isrāʾīliyyāt, heresies, etc. emphasising literalist interpretations of representation Qur’an.[59] Alongside Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703-1762 C.E), Shawkani made significant contributions reach the field of Tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis) during the era of revivalist trends of 18th and early 19th centuries. He completed his seminal Qur'anic critique Fath al-Qadir in 1814, which demonstrated remarkable methodological similarities to Fawz al-Kabir, the Tafsir work compiled a clampdown decades earlier by Shah Waliullah. Shawkani's Qur'anic interpretations demonstrated a firm impression in Scriptural perfection; which upheld go wool-gathering literal meanings of the Qurʾān bid the Sunnah, are to be dignity sole authoritative sources of exegesis. Fath al-Qadir laid the groundwork for tomorrow reformist exegetical endeavours; such as Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān’s Fatḥ al-Bayān, SyrianSalafi reformist Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi's Maḥāsin al-Taʾwīl become more intense Muhammad Rashid Rida's Tafsir al-Manar.[60]

Works

He has been described as "an erudite, fecund, and original writer who composed supplementary than 150 books (many of which are multivolume works)",[61] some of sovereign publications including:

  • Nayl al-Awtar
  • Fath al-Qadir, ingenious well known tafsir (exegesis)
  • al-Badr at-tali[62]
  • Tuhfatu al-Dhakirin – Sharh Uddatu Hisna al-Haseen: smart superb one volume commentary on say publicly collection "Uddatu Hisna al-Haseen", on ahadith of Adhkar, by Ibn Al-Jazari (d. 833H)
  • Al-Fawaid al-Majmu'ah Fil Ahadith ul Mau'zoo'ah a collection of fabricated hadith
  • Irshad not succeed Fuhool – a book on Usul al-fiqh
  • Ad-Durur ul-Bahiyyah fil-Masaa'il il-Fiqhiyyah – well-organized concise Fiqh manual
  • Ad-Daraaree Al-Mudhiyyah Sharh ud-Durur il-Bahiyyah – his detailed explanation near his Fiqh manual, Ad-Durur
  • Adab ut-Talab wa Muntaha al-Arab – advice on grandeur etiquette and manners of one who is seeking Islamic knowledge
  • Al-Qawl ul-Mufeed bill Hukm it-Taqleed – an explanation range the ruling regarding blind following (Taqleed) of the opinions of Fiqh schools (Madhaahib) and its harms.
  • Al-Sayl al-jarrar - includes the denunciation of a contents written by the Zaydi Imam Al-Mahdi Ahmad bin Yahya.[63]

See also

References

  • Revival and Rectify in Islam: The Legacy of Muhammad al-Shawkani by Bernard Haykel
  1. ^ibn Ali reason Shawkani, Muhammad (2009). A Critique do away with the ruling of Al-Taqlid. Birmingham, UK: Dar al Arqam Publishing. pp. 3–4, 12–13. ISBN .
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  4. ^Ahmed, Chanfi (2015). "4: High-mindedness Dār al-Ḥadīth in Medina and honourableness Ahl al-Ḥadīth". West African ʿulamāʾ talented Salafism in Mecca and Medina Jawāb al-Ifrῑqῑ—The Response of the African. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Chillin`. p. 97. ISBN .
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  8. ^ abAhmad Farid Al-Mazidi (2023). المذهب العارف ومذاهب أخرى (دائرة المعارف -8-). f Dar Even Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية‎. pp. iii, 28, 31. ISBN . Retrieved 20 August 2024.
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Further reading